Ultrasonic contrast agents: safety considerations reviewed

Abstract 

Ultrasonic contrast agents are usually comprised of a stabilised shell encapsulating a gas bubble. When these are introduced in the body they increase the acoustic scattering from the tissues through which they pass, and especially from the vasculature. Their primary uses lie in cardiological and oncological imaging. However, these microbubbles have the potential to act as centres for acoustic cavitation activity, and so it is important to consider the safety of their use from an acoustic standpoint. The addition of ultrasonic contrast agents to in vitro suspensions of red blood cells has been shown to lead to haemolysis when the sample is exposed to ultrasound at levels which leave the cells unharmed in their absence. In vivo the infusion of gas bubble contrast agents into experimental animals has been shown to enhance the incidence of petechiae and haemorrhage in the intestine. The Mechanical Index (MI) thresholds for the effects seen in vitro lie within the range of MIs available with diagnostic clinical scanners, but in vivo the thresholds lie at the top end of the exposure levels available clinically. No adverse effects in humans arising from the ultrasonic exposure of these contrast agents have been reported to date.

Keywords: Diagnostic ultrasound safety, Ultrasound contrast agents, Microbubbles, Acoustic cavitation, Sonoporation, Haemolysis, Petechiae